Research Proposal on CFD Essay Example

Research Proposal on CFD Essay Computational fluid dynamics is an important branch of fluid dynamics which includes the physical, mathematical and numerical methods which are aimed at the calculation of the characteristics of the fluid processes. The importance of CFD can not be overestimated, because its results are used in numerous spheres of human life, especially engineering. With the help of CFD the experts calculate and research the dynamics of various objects in the liquid and gas environment. For example, plane and ship modelling depend on the results of the research in the field of CFD and the technical characteristics of planes, submarines and other vehicles which function in the liquid and gas environment are projected with the help of CFD. CFD involves powerful supercomputers in the process of research and they study the interaction of the various bodies in the different situations, including the flight tests in the supersonic speed. There are several steps in the process of CFD. First of all, there is the introductory step which is characterised with the creation of the geometry of the model and formation of the regular physical conditions. The next step is calculation. The computer calculates the data according to the algorithm and the physical parameters (speech, pressure, temperature, density, etc) and records the results of the calculation into its memory. The final step is the analysis of the information. The results of the analysis are reflected in the form of graphs, tables, schemes, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on CFD specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on CFD specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on CFD specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer CFD is an interesting and worthy topic for the analysis and the students who are interested in the problem should focus on CFD research proposal writing, which will provide them with the chance to write a research paper on this topic. One should collect enough facts about the value and functions of CFD and construct a logical and convincing paper which would impress the academic advisor. The research proposal is supposed to explain the student’s choice of the topic, its relevance, methodology, evaluation of the facts and evidence and finally present the expected results of the investigation, as it is very important to prove that the research will be useful for the development of the discipline. The single difficulty which is associated with research proposal writing is the lack of students’ knowledge about the persuasive manner of writing. In fact, with the help of a free example research proposal on CFD students receive basic piece of advice which would show them the proper way of paper writing. A free sample research proposal on CFD will be useful enough to present to students the models of writing, the examples of convincing writing, proper structuring and formatting. On the basis of such examples it is easy to plan your own paper and impress the professor. NOTE!!! All free sample research proposals and examples on CFD are 100% plagiarized, we are here to help you! EssayLib.com is a leading research proposal writing service, which can offer you the solution you have been looking for. With thousands of written research papers and proposals for Master’s and PhD degrees, we can give you exactly what you need at very affordable prices. Our experienced writers will prove you that high quality and exclusivity is a trademark of our products. We can guarantee your confidentiality and promise you strict on time delivery. There are many reasons for EssayLib.com to become your favorite research proposal writing service, but all we are asking you – just give us a try!

A critique of The sunne rising written by John Donne Essays

A critique of The sunne rising written by John Donne Essays A critique of The sunne rising written by John Donne Paper A critique of The sunne rising written by John Donne Paper Essay Topic: Poetry The poem, The Sunne Rising written by a leading poet of the time, was a bold statement to be made in that particular era of writing. The way that Donne opens his love poem could almost be described as courageous and fearless. This can be related to the content of the poem, seeing as it is commenting on how love is all-important and both time and others beliefs mean very little to those so deeply involved. All feel that all the language and style is placed so that it is to emphasise a point. The language in The Sunne Rising is more of play on words, an example of this is where in the first line, unruly sunne has hidden connotations. Firstly it could mean simply that it is rebellious and undisciplined yet also the fact that the sun answers to anyone and always follows its own rules, much like the lovers that Dunne describes. The me first attitude that Dunne puts across in the piece is one that adds a certain affect. Solipsism is Latin for this, and reflects how he is trying to make the reader see how he and his partner view the outside world. The poem questions certain aspects of what people of the time didnt always take for granted. For example, spheare is suggesting that the world be round which was a new convention at the time, a brand new idea, yet also in the last line it is defying orthodoxy by saying that the whole world revolves around him and his lover. Dunne then finds him self in a debate with the sun, arguing that the sun isnt all-powerful and that it can be blocked, or even a slight eclipse can cause the none existence of the sun. He feels that he wins this argument because something so small, his eye, can block out something so large, the sun. I could eclipse and cloud them with a wink supports this statement, however Dunne says that he doesnt use this method because he cant see his sweetheart whilst he winks. Thy beames, so reverend, and strong. This is showing the suns strength, how it is worthy of a great opposition. Also how hard it must be to over come its power, yet with such a simple item, one everybody possesses but those who have ever thought as it as a tool must be few in numbers. Nevertheless, Dunne manages to and returns to his woman. He shows himself as a caring man whom only sees his life in his bedroom, as long as his wife is there Dunnes uses of innocent and simple questions to give the poem a hint of humour. It is almost like he is belittling the importance of the sun by saying how its so strong and holds powerful rays, however it does not affect his micro-cosmos. His micro cosmos is the world he lives in at the time the poem is set. This bed thy center is, these walls, thy spheare. Not only does it show the ego of this man, but how he little he values the outside world too. At one stage in the poem, it is almost like he is trying to lower the King by saying whilst youre out hunting, Im in bed! This is the device that Dunne uses by allowing us, the reader, to be privileged enough to enter his world by the form of closure. It seems like Dunne is trying to make you feel like his partner, see how she views him, make you experience what love in their world is all about, and just why they value it so much. Nothing else is is saying that nothing else in their world exists, all that matters is each other and that no matter how much people try to mimique and even to use alchimie nothing can match what they both hold in their hearts. The critic Jacobs it seems is more interested in the negative aspects of this poem, he says that nothing else is is a reference to the thought of Dunne and his micro cosmos idea, that this is a bad school of thought and should be ridiculed for this. On the other hand, Ruth Padel comments more on the technical side of the poem, on the rhyming pentameters and how perhaps that because it is not a true rhyme, doe the lovers really belong together in bed with each other or are they fooling around? Self on the other hand tries to make a point that Dunne is trying to make this moment last for ever, he is attempting to block out the sun there fore making this situation timeless. It is like you are immune to the outside problems once you enter their world, and see everything through the eyes of those who believe theyre in the right The Sunne Rising is a wonderful poem, which shows how love was viewed many years ago. It indicates that love hasnt dated, and the ideas could quite easily be related to a couple today who have to battle with outside commitments and the sun itself, which is the only clock that will awake some in the morning. All in all, this is a well-written and courageous piece of work for the time in which it was written and if it was published in todays modern world, I feel it would still make such an impact. I thoroughly enjoyed reading this piece of work, and it does relate to anybody in love.

The Effect of Bad Debt Management in Nigerian Banking Industry and Dissertation

The Effect of Bad Debt Management in Nigerian Banking Industry and Remedies - Dissertation Example 2. Literature Review 10 2.1 Nigerian Banking Industry and its Role in Economic Growth 10 2.2 Deregulation of the Banking System 12 2.3 Credit Risk and its Management Strategies 13 2.4 Impact of Credit Risk 17 CHAPTER THREE 19 3. Research Methodology 19 3.1 Justification of the Methodology 19 3.2 Research Methodologies 20 3.2.1 Qualitative Methodology 20 3.2.2 Quantitative Methodology 21 3.3 Data Collection 21 3.3.1 Primary Data 22 3.3.2 Secondary Data 23 3.4 Sampling 23 3.5 Reliability and Validity 23 3.6 Ethical Considerations 24 References 25 CHAPTER ONE 1. Introduction The history of Nigerian banking industry dates back to the year 1892 when the first bank was incorporated by the colonial British Empire (Okezie, Tella, and Akingunola, 2011). The business operation of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) was initiated in the year 1959. The autonomy of CBN was lost to the Federal Government during the period 1968 to 1999. It resulted in Nigeria being surrounded by a loose monetary policy that was implemented by the Federal Government then. In the year 1999, the last of the military regime in Nigeria, gave back the banks legal autonomy in the field of exercising monetary policy and regulatory functions (Central Bank of Nigeria, n.d.). After the independence of Nigeria in 1960 till the beginning of 1980s, the banking industry of the country was mainly dominated by the three banks namely First Bank, Union Bank, and United Bank for Africa. The banking sector was deregulated by the Nigerian government in 1986 which resulted in easement of entry barriers for the new entrantsin the banking industry of Nigeria. As a result of this deregulation, many new banking firms made an entry into the Nigerian banking sector and the number of banks in the country rose to over 100 (Ekpenyong, and Acha, 2011). Many of these new banking firms were poorly managed and weakly capitalised. The regulatory supervision was also quite weak. This resulted in a series of bank failures and turned up to be banking crisis in the year 1990s. At the beginning of 1989, almost 20% of the loan portfolios were adjudged to be non-performing assets. Since the year 2002, the banking industry of Nigeria comprised of 24 commercial banks, 5 development finance institutions, 5 discount houses, 50 class A bureau de change, 598 class B bureau de change, 84 finance companies, 98 primary mortgage institutions, and 914 microfinance institutions (Iwukemjika, n.d.). One of the major concerns for the policy makers is the increasing level of cases of banks in being distress. Hence bad de bt forms an important aspect of the banking industry in Nigeria. 1.1 Background of the Study It is a fact that the banking system is considered to be the engine of growth in any economy. It is so because of its function of financial intermediation. With the help of this function the banks are able to increase their performance, facilitate capital formation, and ultimately help in promoting economic growth (Badun, 2009). However, the ability of the banks to foster economic development and growth depends on the stability, health, and soundness of the system. The shareholders fund constitutes only a small portion of the total liability of the banks. This fact undermines the need for a reliable, viable and strong banking system. Hence, not surprisingly, the banking sector is found to be one of the most regulated sectors in an economy. In a modern economy, one can find clear distinctions between deficit and surplus economics units and also in the process of separation of the mechanism re lated to saving investment. This fact has led to the emergence of financial institutions whose primary responsibility includes

Discuss the effectiveness of the way Conservation Areas are Coursework

Discuss the effectiveness of the way Conservation Areas are identified, protected and managed in the context of the aim to protect and enhance character and appearance - Coursework Example Identifying a conservation area takes a number of ways. One of the ways involves looking into historic characterization of an area in relation to development threats. The history outlays the initial plan that explains the special characteristics that could have been attached to the area (Mokany, et. al., 2014, p. 1) The other way is inviting the residents in identifying the characteristic of the area, that is most important to them, because of the historical association only understood by them (English Heritage, 2012, p.4). The evidence gathered on such characterization advice the local authority to articulate the special interest and support such an area has before appraising the place to a conservation area. Appraisal thus expresses the exact element that makes the area have a special quality to be conserved. Appraising an area before designating for conservation is used as a key to understanding the area’s characteristics that are necessary for planning and decision making. The authorities involved, through the appraisal process, gets to analyze the usable parts of the area to be conserved as well as evaluate the necessary beneficial changes that can be adopted (Buchanan, Donald, Butchart, 2011, p. 1). The authorities then develop a management plan on how the area can be restrained from development changes capable of eroding the characteristics under conservation (Forest Stewardship Council, 2008, p.1). Conservation area designation is based on a number of historical and architectural interests. Part of the interests focus on sections in an area where there is a higher number of heritage assets (Cowan, 2004, p.7). The assets could be nationally or community designated. Historic associations may include historical architectural styles or building materials still visible in the modern planning patterns. The value attached to any of the traits lead to conservation either by

Digital Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Digital Economy - Essay Example An obvious reflection of the use of EFT is in the world of ecommerce. It has helped the companies outsource employment to other nations and transfer the compensation via wire transfer method and thus EFT has brought about a payment revolution as well. While some insecurity issues have been associated with such transfers, it depends on the individual to use this technology to the optimum advantage. It is important to know whom we are making the payment and why. With fraudulent activities on the rise EFT has given exposure to criminal activities especially when it is carried out through Visa or Master Cards online. Fraudulent agents make fake promises on the internet and hence tempt the users to make payments. Making the equal monthly installment payments for loans and insurance have become easier through electronic clearing system (ECS) and this has induced people to opt for insurance policies and credit. Above all wise decision-making is important to make proper use of EFT and hence optimize the digital economy. Introduction The popularity of Electronic Fund Transfer in the present days has become unimaginable and its importance is clearly undeniable with the fact that the process of fund transfer taking place through online internet media with cheap network and improved cryptography making it faster, quicker and accessible to a large mass thus saving a lot of time and making the process very much transparent. The following literature review will help in identifying the usefulness of this application in the modern context and various aspects associated with this particular component of the digital economy. Person-to- person Electronic Funds transfer According to Oz Shy (2010) there is a clear domination of the person-to-person Electronic Fund transfer system in the European countries in schools and in other service sectors, which has made the system vastly popular and noteworthy. For example in schools the parents transfer the money electronically to the bank a ccount number provided by the teacher adding a note stating the basic information checking the requirement for the fund transfer. Moreover the basic day-to-day household payments are also made electronically in virtual mode thus saving a lot of paper checks and time. Thus this electronic process of fund transfer is considered economically most viable and practical process in Germany although in United States this process of electronic fund transfer is not in much use where traditional methods of cash based transfers take place against writing suitable paper checks drawn in the name of the account holder. As per the research by the author in US the adoption of P2P online system is slow due to the fact that P2P transactions require the personal information of the payer to be revealed to the payee which cause concerns and fear for the US households. Using some theoretical framework and using analysis of costs required in delivering online payments and finally leveraging on the concept of critical mass of users the author finds out that the mass adoption of P2P system in Europe is basically of the natural extension of the earlier used ‘old Giro payment’ networks and due to the huge involvement of banks and financial institutions of Europe whereas as per strong prevalence of the Cheque 21 Act of 2003 the strong involvement of the US Fed has

Demand Determination Of Hotel Industry Tourism Essay

Demand Determination Of Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Price of hotel depend upon their services provided and market price of another hotal and thought the hotels will increase their published tariff by 5-10 across the board from October this year. Inflation in food, recession, rupee depreciation which has increased our import cost of products and FB from abroad, and the overall hike in service tax are a few reasons why hotels will hike the published tariff after months. Price provide on the basis of their location and preference of customer. Income of target consumer India occupies the sixty-eighth position among the top tourist destinations in the world for 2011. To encourage the tourism sector, the government in recent times, has taken some measures which will benefit the sector. According to the latest Tourism Satellite Accounting (TSA) research, released by the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), the demand for travel and tourism in India is expected to grow by 8.2 % between 2010 and 2019. This will place India at the third position in the world. Indias travel and tourism sector is expected to be the second largest employer in the world. Capital investment in Indias travel and tourism sector is expected to grow at 8.8 % between 2010 and 2019. And services for all income level of people and services for business class people tourist and vesting people Availability of finance The major source of financing to hotel industry tourism finance cooperation of India (TFCI) has been providing specific project-related services to various clients. It has also undertaken appraisal of individual projects for various state government agencies/individual clients. TFCI has also successfully handled projects involving development of viable project concepts around lakes/water bodies , development of a multi-facility amusement park complex etc TFCI has been providing specific project-related services to various clients. Replacement of demand The demand of the hotel industry is directly connected with global and local economic growth and investor confidence. A strong underlying economy is a pre-requisite for sustained recovery. Unfortunately, the year 2011 has not been a year of economic recovery either in India or globally. After two exceptionally bad years, the global hospitality industry was expected to recover in 2011. Despite encouraging signs in the first half of 2011, there was growing uncertainty during the latter part of the year. As a result, recovery has been fragile during 2011. The situation in India mirrors this overall global trend. Indias rapid economic growth has already set the stage for fundamental changes in the countrys population. With more disposable income, the demand for travel and tourism has also grown. Although, currently domestic tourists constitute a very small chuck of the total tourist pie, the segment is growing. Promotion schemes For attracting more foreign and domestic tourists to India, Department of Tourism has taken up several drives. The objectives of this scheme are, The Scheme aims at enlisting the support of NRIs, preferably NROs to promote Orissa as a preferred destination among their friends and acquaintances. They could be Businessmen, Housewives, Students or any other professional who in their spare time motivate their friends to visit Orissa. They shall be disseminating information on Orissa Tourism and market Orissa Tourism products amongst their friends and relatives along with potential tourists visiting the State. They will be enrolled as Special Tourism Promotion Officers, STPO who will be entitled to get some incentives on the business generated through them while the tourists booked through them will get some discount. Their enrollment will be honorary and they will be only entitled for incentives on the business generated through them. They cannot create any lien or liability on behalf of the State Department of Tourism India Ministry of Tourism would also provide financial assistance to tourism service providers approved by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. Excise duty structure In recent years government has taken several steps to boost travel tourism which have benefited hotel industry in India. These include the abolishment of the inland air travel tax of 15%; reduction in excise duty on aviation turbine fuel to 8%; and removal of a number of restrictions on outbound chartered flights, including those relating to frequency and size of aircraft. The governments recent decision to treat convention centres as part of core infrastructure, allowing the government to provide critical funding for the large capital investment that may be required has also fuelled the demand for hotel rooms According to a report, Hotel Industry in India currently has supply of 110,000 rooms and there is a shortage of 150,000 rooms fueling hotel room rates across India. According to estimates demand is going to exceed supply by at least 100% over the next 2 years. Five-star hotels in metro cities allot same room, more than once a day to different guests, receiving almost 24-hour rates from both guests against 6-8 hours usage. With demand-supply disparity, hotel rates in India are likely to rise by 25% annually and occupancy by 80%, over the next two years. This will affect the competitiveness of India as a cost-effective tourist destination. Prospects In the long term, the demand-supply gap in India is very real and that there is need for more hotels in most cities. The shortage is especially true within the budget and the mid market segment. There is an urgent need for budget and mid market hotels in the country as travelers look for safe and affordable accommodation. Various domestic and international brands have made significant inroads into this space and more are expected to follow as the potential for this segment of hotels becomes more obvious. The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) expects growth to continue for the tourism sector in 2012, although at a slower rate. It forecasts international tourist arrivals to grow in the range of 3% to 4% in 2012. WTTC indicates that this growth will be moderate as the bounce-back for tourism destinations that faced specific challenges last year, will be offset by a weaker performance in other countries. Travel tourism in India is expected to perform well in 2012. UNWTO predicts that India will receive 25 million foreign tourists by the year 2015. Despite the economic and political scenarios worldwide, demand for business travel has remained relatively robust. Companies are likely to increase spends and the multiplier effect of healthy salary increases will drive discretionary spending, especially on leisure travel. The affluent segments plan to spend more on travel in 2012, creating opportunities for the hospitality sector in the luxury space Indias room supply pipeline represents 17% of the Asia-Pacific pipeline. It was moving at a CAGR of 10.8% for last 10 years and is now poised to grow at a CAGR of 6% in next 5 years. The intense supply pipeline would be backed by addition of room capacity by all the hotels both in India and Internationally. The supply pipeline would beef up also on account of improved foreign tourist arrivals, corporate travels, etc. International hotels like Carlson, Strawood, Marriot, etc are the ones which have chalked out plans to acquire the sufficient market share, thus, giving a thrust to the Indi an supply pipeline. profile of players in the Industry Best Hotel Chains of India Taj Group of hotels in India: The most popular name that is almost synonymous to hospitality in India is that of the Taj Group. Offering the best hotels across various genres like business hotels, heritage resorts, luxury hotels and even sea resorts, the Taj Group is definitely the best in the field. The Oberoi Group of Hotels in India: One of the most prominent names among the hotel chains of India is the Oberoi Group. It also owns several properties in exotic places like Australia and Mauritius. With its world class facilities and efficient staff to manage and play the perfect Indian hosts, the Oberoi hotels is no doubt a great feather on the grand cap of tourism in India. Hotal leela One of the finest hotel groups in India, with hotels in Mumbai, Bangalore, Goa, Kovalam, Gurgaon, Udaipur and New Delhi, The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts provide the discerning business and leisure travellers with a warm, relaxed and most importantly, memorable stay with an unrivaled fusion of Indian hospitality, world-class service and amenities. Hallmarking the essence of India, at every Leela Hotel, you will find stories that await you at every nook and cranny and the fine line between business hotels and luxury resorts seamlessly merge. The proximity to international airports and central business districts, strategic locations, individuality, and the intrinsic Indian culture and heritage distinguishes the group from the rest.  The Guest is God philosophy truly represents The Leela Palaces, Hotels and Resorts. 5. Distribution channel How the customer books his room can make a big difference to a hotels bottom line. Intermediaries can take a good chunk out the gross amount a guest pays for his overnight. A room booked through a travel agent and the GDS (global distribution system) typically costs the hotel 15% of the reservations total. Contrary to popular belief, third-party websites are no bargain either for the hotelier, as they keep about 13% of a bookings value. So-called merchant websites (such as Priceline.com or Hotwire) which basically buy inventory from hotels usually average a 33% mark-up on the rooms they sell. Bookings arriving via the central reservation system of voluntary chains (such as Minotel) can cream over 25% of the clients original payment between travel agent, tour operator and chain fees. Many tour operators working in mass leisure destinations only pay 50%-60% of the normal room price to the hotelier who is lodging their clients. Fortunately for hoteliers, the predominant distribution channel for hotels remains direct contact with the property (via telephone, fax or e-mail), which, according to Horwaths Worldwide Hotel Industry Study, accounted for 34% of all advance reservations in 2002, but which is down from 38% in 1995 . This proportion varies between 27.5% for hotels in Africa and the Middle East and 40.5% for hotels in Europe. Thus, overnights generated by electronic means of distribution still constitute much less than half of the total at about 24% (includes travel agent and GDS in figure 1 below). Although internet distribution has grown rapidly from (0.8% of the total in 1996 to 3.3% currently, according to Horwath), it is still relatively unimportant. Furthermore, this study predicts a rise to a total of 20% of bookings by internet in 2005, split 11% own website and 9%- third party. Jupiter Media Matrix makes a slightly less optimistic prediction, forecasting the percentage to rise from 7% in 2001 to 16% by 2007. Hotel companies use both rate parity and rate integrity while selling their hotel rooms. Rate parity can be defined as maintaining consistent rates for the same product in all online distribution channels regardless of what commission the OTA makes. The concept of rate integrity isnt as clear cut with some arguing it is simply trust in the fair price of a room.   In general though, rate integrity isnt something concrete; it is something the hotelier must have in mind when setting rates. Whether its maintaining integrity through rate parity by justifying price discounts, avoiding price slashes, or a combination of all these practices, it is important for hoteliers to have a consistent rational rate structure, says Mourier. As hotels compete and try to step up their direct online booking share, its important to assess how rate parity and integrity impact their business. According to Vishal Jain, chief products officer at travel technology company Rate Gain, rate parity affects the distribution partners or channels more while rate integrity affects hotels brand value. He argues that parity issues with your brand site (bigger distribution partners having cheaper better-value offers than your own site) will directly affect brand trust and value but can also lead to loss of business from more profitable channels. It can also lead to decreased visibility on other channels. The trend that parity for hotels seems to be having better deals at large OTA sites is something we have uncovered consistently in the parity reports we publish regularly at Rate Gain, says Jain.   One reason for this could be the extensive parity tracking and automated alert systems that OTAs have successfully put in place to keep hotels on their toes; something the corporate office and brand HQ is unable to do with their own hotels. It gets even harder for those hotel companies that do not own and manage the hotels since they have even less control on the properties but the parity anomalies hurt them both financially as well as with their brands value. Assessing Channels Properly   Regarding parity and rate integrity on retail pricing in both direct and indirect channels, Preferred Hotel Groups Brij Bhushan Chachra who is director, revenue account management in India, Middle East Africa, says each channel needs to be measured on its merits and value proposition it brings to the table. Today each channel has different value propositions and cost structures and as businesses it is important to ensure a company maximizes the same for its hotels. When it comes to OTAs, hotel companies need to work out the total value the business gets in terms of marketing and exposure and not to forget the billboard effect. It is important for hoteliers to safeguard their channels and ensure there is value parity across the board. Chachra defines value as this: the benefit a consumer derives from a product in correlation to price paid to satisfy their individual requirements. In this context, one has to make sure that all segments are priced based on the current demand-supply situation which will yield optimal results from all the segments. There is a need to make efforts to get rid of static rates for all segments and move to dynamic pricing across the board.

War on Drugs is a Dismal Failure Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive To

     Ã‚  Ã‚  With a bipartisan vote of 263-146, the House recently approved a bill that included $1.7 billion to combat the drug cartels of Columbia with additional military aid.   In doing so, they perpetuated what could be one of the United States' most misguided policies of recent history. At least some Republicans can give themselves a pat on the back for attempting to remove the Columbian aid from the $13 billion foreign aid bill.   Unfortunately, today's drug war is largely a Reagan-era Republican creation, so intoxicating that even the vast majority of liberals mindlessly defend it.   Regardless, both parties now overwhelmingly champion the war on drugs, leaving its opponents a mix of unlikely allies, from Nobel Laureate and economist Milton Friedman and conservative writer William F. Buckley Jr., to pothead hippies and the ACLU.    Begun by the Nixon administration, the initial goal of the drug war was interdiction oriented, as financial support was given to Latin American leaders that pledged to fight drug manufacturing.   The Reagan years witnessed a drastic escalation of the war, as so-called drug "czars" were appointed to deal with the problem firmly.   Though Clinton indicated in early 1992 that he would be willing to consider other solutions to the drug problem, once elected he simply continued the policy of previous Republican administrations.   The result: in the '90s over $30 billion was spent each year at the local and federal level to fight the war on drugs.1  Ã‚   Street crime and corruption has grown out of control, and prisons are so far over capacity that the majority of drug arrests go unprosecuted.   Civil liberties have been jeopardized, treatment programs are under funded, and drug use has been increasing. ... ...Works Cited   1 Drugs and Crime Facts 1994: Washington DC Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1995.   2 Eldregde, Dirk, Ending the War on Drugs; Bridge Works Publishing, New York, 1998.   (All other uncited statistics are also from this source)   3 1999 Statistical Abstract of the United States-table 152.   4 Schaffer Library of Drug Policy, excerpted from: US Department of Justice "Report to Congress on the Activities and Operations of the Public Integrity Section"   5 Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB, "The war on drugs - a peace proposal" The New England Journal of Medicine, February 3, 1994, Vol. 330, No. 5   6 US Department of Justice: Drugs, Crime, and the Justice System, 1992   7 Blendon, ScD, and John T. Young, MPhil, "The Public and the War on Illicit Drugs," Journal of the American Medical Association, March 18, 1998, vol. 279, no. 11, p. 827   

Hospitality and Tourism Management Essay

The K-12 program covers kindergarten and 12 years of basic education ( six years of primary education , four years of junior high school to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education , middle-level skills development, employment ,and entrepreneurship. the enhanced basic education act of 2013 , or republic act no. 105333, was signed on may 15, 2013. K-12 is a helpful tool that can strengthen early childhood education, make the curriculum relevant to learners , ensuring integrated and seamless learning ,building proficiency through language , gearing up for future and most of all nurturing the holistically develop Filipino. Every graduate will be equipped with information, media and technology skills, learning and innovation skills, effective communication skills and life career skills. Program implementation in public schools is being done in phases starting SY 2012-2013. Grade 1 entrants in SY2012-2013 are first batch to fully undergo the program, and current 1st year Junior High School Students (or Grade 7) are the first to undergo the enhanced secondary education program. To facilitate the transition from the existing 10-year basic education to 12 years, DepEd is also implementing the SHS AND SHS modeling. .Each student in Senior High School can choose among three tracks: Academic; Technical-Vocational-Livelihood; and Sports and Arts. The Academic track includes three strands: Business, Accountancy, Management (BAM); Humanities, Education, Social Sciences (HESS); and Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM). Students undergo immersion, which may include earn-while-you-learn opportunities, to provide them relevant exposure and actual experience in their chosen track. The enhanced curriculum for grade 1 and grade 7 ( 1st Year Junior High School ) was rolled out SY 2012-2013 , and will be progressively introduced in other grade levels in succeeding school years. Grade 11 will be introduced in SY 2016-2017 AND GRADE 12 IN SY 2017-2018. The first batch of high school students to go through K to 12 will graduate in march 2018. DepEd has entered into an agreement with business organizations, local and foreign chambers of commerce, and industries to ensure that graduates of K to 12 will be considered for employment. There will be a matching of competency requirements and standards so that 12-year basic education graduates will have the necessary skills needed to join the workforce and to match the College Readiness Standards for further education and future employment. Entrepreneurship will also be fostered in the enhanced curriculum; ensuring graduates can venture into other opportunities beyond employment. After finishing Grade 10, a student can obtain Certificates of Competency (COC) or a National Certificate Level I (NC I). After finishing a Technical-Vocational-Livelihood track in Grade 12, a student may obtain a National Certificate Level II (NC II), provided he/she passes the competency-based assessment of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). NC I and NC II improves employability of graduates in fields like Agriculture, Electronics, and Trade. Target Market 12-13 years old who supposed to graduate grade 6 this year but will be introduced to k-12 program. Grade 5 and 6 students Youth that belongs in the poor families with potential to be out of the school youth after their high school years. Schools Professors – lecturer SY 2011-12 SY 2012-13 SY 2013-14 SY 2014-15 SY 2015-16 SY 2016-17 SY 2017-18 GR 12 2 YEARS SENIOR GR 11 HIGH SCHOOL HS IV (15 yo) GR 10 4 YEARS JUNIOR HS IV (14 yo) GR 9 HIGH SCHOOL HS IV (13 yo) OLD CURRICULUM GR 8 HS IV (12 yo) NEW CURRICULUM GR 7 GR 6 (11 yo) GR 6 6 YEARS GR 5 (10 yo) GR 5 ELEMENTARY GR 4 (9 yo) GR 4 GR 3 (8 yo) GR 3 GR 2 (7 yo) OLD CURRICULUM GR 2 GR 1 (6 yo) NEW CURICULUM GR 1 KINDER (5 yo) KINDER Analysis of Case During the period of governance of Spain and the United States, education in the Philippines changed radically, mostly modeled on the system of education in the United States of the time. After gaining independence in 1946, the systems were no longer automatically applied in the Philippines, which have since moved in various directions of its own. Filipino children may enter preschool at the ages of three to four, starting from nursery, and kindergarten. At the ages of six to seven, children enter elementary school for six or seven (on selected schools) years. This is followed by the high school, for four years. Students may then sit for the College Entrance Examinations (CEE), after which they may enter tertiary schools for two to five years. The Philippine educational system pursues the achievement of excellent undergraduates in the elementary and secondary level. Implementation of UbD is one of the proposals that undertook in the country recently. At present, the Department of Education pronounces the addition of two more years in the basic education of students, which according to them will benefit not only the Filipino youth but all the Filipinos in the Philippines. This proposal is part of P-noy’s Educational Reform Program. The administration asserts that with the implementation of such program, the problem of unemployment in the country will be resolved. In as much as employment in the Philippines is concerned, the K12 education also responds to the fact that most countries in the world already have the same plan in their educational institutions. With this, the standards of these countries go a notch higher than what the country has, thus, creating an expansion in the global competency. What can be really said about this plan. The K-12 Basic Education Program aims to provide every Filipino child with the education s/he needs to compete in a global context. In May, President Benigno Aquino of the Philippines signed into law a basic education curriculum that will see a mandatory kindergarten year and two additional senior high school years added to what was a 10-year education curriculum to make basic education 12 years. The programmed has been adopted not only in schools in the Philippines, but also in Filipino schools abroad that follow the department’s curriculum. Gulf news reports: The goal of the new curriculum is to give Filipino students enough time to master skills and concepts so that they are ready for tertiary education when the time comes. Kindergarten was previously optional, and advocates of the K-12 programme argue that students who went to kindergarten are better prepared for primary education than those who did not. In addition, the K-12 programmed â€Å"provides for the use of the ‘mother tongue‘ language as the medium of instruction for students in the basic and lower years to facilitate and expedite learning. † This fabulous interactive map of all public schools in the country could be a useful tool in planning a recruitment strategy. It contains data on the school’s budget, enrolment statistics, education indicators, number of teaching personnel, furniture, textbooks, classrooms, plus the water and power supply of some 45,000 schools nationwide. 10 Point Education Agenda The move to the K-12 policy comes as part of the 10 Point Education Agenda which was set out by the current government administration. The K-12 Basic Education Program, universal kindergarten and instruction in mother-tongue languages are but three of the ten points Aquino’s administration want to implement in order to improve the overall quality of education in Filipino schools. The other seven points include: Establish the Madaris Education as a sub-system in the current education system; Make every child a reader by Grade 1; Improve science and mathematics; Expand government assistance to private education; Better textbooks; Build more schools in cooperation with local government units (LGUs); Re-introduce technical and vocational education in public high schools. Australia extends a helping hand Australia has long been a friend to the Philippines – donating time, funding and other resources, as well as working with the nation to develop and ensure quality. Last month, the country grantedPHP 8. 4 billion (nearly US $193 million) â€Å"to address basic education issues and support the implementation of the K-12 programme. † They have also funded a project to â€Å"enhance the skills of school officials in managing school processes and turn schools into learner-centred institutions that continually improve and build on its best practices. † In return, Australia is surely hoping Filipino schools and students will select Oz as their destination of choice for partnerships and study. As ICEF Monitor reported in February, the Philippines is one of the top ten student markets for Australian schools, colleges and universities. Building classrooms and adding teachers As mentioned, one of the ten points on the Education Agenda aims to address severe overcrowding in Philippine schools and the shortage of classrooms. In October of last year, the Department of Education signed an agreement â€Å"with two winning consortia which will undertake the construction of close to 10,000 classrooms. † The department’s Public Private Partnership for School Infrastructure Project (PSIP) will give schools the physical space they need and â€Å"provides the private sector the business opportunity to invest in the design, construction and maintenance of classrooms. † Philippine Education Secretary Armin A. Luistro has said he hopes that by doing so, the classrooms would stand as a testament to Filipino capability and efficiency. Progress is well underway; construction of more than 9,000 classrooms began in March of this year. An increase in student enrolment which caused the shortage of teachers was due to an increase in kindergarten students – a result of the new K-12 curriculum, as well as students who were formerly enrolled in private school transferring to public school because of tuition fee hikes. Student enrolment in 2012/3 stood at 20. 67 million: 1. 77 million kindergarten students, 13. 26 million elementary students, and 5. 64 million high school students. Increased focus on vocational education A final point on the 10 Point Education Agenda calls for a re-introduction of vocational and technical education in high schools, which has been designed to give Filipino students practical skills to gain employment after graduation – a key component in tackling the high youth unemployment rate in the Philippines. Some advocates are calling for the adoption of the German model of apprenticeship. The Manilla Bulletin reported: It is hoped that adopting the German model would help address the skills mismatch between Filipino graduates and the jobs available. Ramon del Rosario, chairman of the PBEd, has said now is the time to implement the apprenticeship system, because of the start of the K-12 curriculum: â€Å"It is a good time because of the development of the senior high school curriculum and that will have a track towards technical vocational education. † In May, the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) announced it had completed the K-12 technical vocational curriculum, and everything was in place for the start of the new school year. TESDA Secretary Joel Villanueva said, â€Å"Technical vocational education and training (TVET) will play a central role in the new education model that prepares students for tertiary education, middle-skills development, employment and entrepreneurship. † Courses include automotive servicing, horticulture, welding, consumer electronics, dressmaking/tailoring, carpentry, food processing and beauty care. The Philippines as a study destination Like many of its neighboring countries, the Philippines has its eye on becoming a study destination of choice for students from the Asia-Pacific region. In January of this year, the Philippine Bureau of Immigration reported that of the 203,753 foreigners in the country, 47,478 are studying in schools and universities across the country (which is 14% higher than the 41,443 foreigners who applied in 2011). The bulk of those (31,000) are under the age of 18 and studying at an elementary or high school or on a short-term (less than 1 year) course. The Bureau’s Commissioner Ricardo David Jr said: â€Å"Our country is fast emerging as a new educational hub in the Asia-Pacific region. More and more foreigners are coming here to study and it demonstrates recognition of the improved quality of our educational system. † He attributed the influx of foreign students to the quality of teaching and the use of English as the medium of instruction. Some of those students chose the Philippines to study English, and the government is hoping to boost ESL student numbers by making it easier for them to stay and learn. Last year, ICEF Monitor reported that for international students studying English in Australia, the Philippines had entered the competition as a destination option for the first time in 2011. Backing that up, an article in The PIE News quotes Ruth Tizon, Programmed Director of the Philippines ESL Tour Program, as saying, One thing is clear: the Philippines is looking ahead. With a growing population and a budding economy, demand for quality education is high. Many Filipino parents welcome the basic education reforms and are looking forward to more opportunities for their children in vocational and higher education. KEY ISSUE / GOALS The fact that the Philippines is the last country in the region to adopt a K-12basic educations system because it is not all about the trending basis but checking in accordance to the â€Å"reality†. During the assessment done by the prestigious organization Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), they conclude that the problem about the present curriculum in squeezing 12 years of basic education into just 10 is that students are overloaded with subjects which resulted to poor quality of basic education as reflected in the low achievement scores of Filipino students. International tests results like 2003 TIMSS rank the Philippines 34th out of 38 countries in HS II Math and 43rd out of 46countries in HS II Science; for grade 4, the Philippines ranked 23rd out of 25 participating countries in both Math and Science. In 2008, even with only the science high schools participating in the Advanced Mathematics category, the Philippines were ranked lowest. This quality of education is reflected in the inadequate preparation of high school graduates for the world of work or entrepreneurship or higher education . It is not the question of teaching force because internationally we can say that the country is equipped of well trained educators capable enough for the learning needed by the students in our country. In fact, teachers in our country are highly demanded and most preferred to be hired and work in other country. But it is the matter of the educational system that we have which is designed to teach a 12-year curriculum, yet it is delivered in just 10 years. Though some criticizing it as a way only to realigned as to what is the trending educational system to must have, then why not follow it if it will sustain the development of the educational system of our country and there is nothing wrong with it. As to the question of the consequences that will be brought by the policy, surely there will be many of those and it’s a part of the changes. Better because the government exists to uplift the standard of education in the country and not just sitting down to their respective offices and waiting what will happen to the future of the students experiencing the current system. The policy exist with provisions of program to be administered forthe sustainability of it, thus to relate it with economic hindrances it should be another story that is worth to be reflected and should not serve as a hindrance for the development of one system in our country (education). To reach the development wherein the citizens are wanting, admitting the fact that it couldn’t be happening simultaneously is the first step. Goals of k-12 Individualized learning customized to each child’s needs. Award winning curriculum that engages young mind from k to 12 with a rich combination of online interactive and offline hands-on learning High school full-and-part time options to help students find their own path A new kind of powerful, personalized connection with teacher Preferred alternative with rationale in this study I find out that k to 12 will have a big effect in our country and even in our industry. It is a good program that can provide many outcomes and may help our country men to arise. But I also notice that some of whom I asked if k to 12 will be the answer for the people to be more comprehensive and productive in man powering many had answer maybe and no . then I got this thought that It can help but people in our country don’t want to open their minds in this changes. People in our country nowadays is always looking forward to fast solutions and money at this state it is because of the arising poverty and the low demand for man power and they are afraid that if they will not chase the time there will be no jobs available for them. They are afraid that k to 12 will affect every industry in hiring people so as our industry because if we can see jobs in the hospitality industry is widely offered than that of the other careers . so I came up with the rationale that we are good enough in the old curriculum. Why did I say this but I did not yet see the effect of it in the students it is because we are also pushing students to work early , why we will do that if we really want to push them to work early is to decreased the level of education just like the old one. Many parent will be sacrificing much about it, I guess the answer of today’s crisis is to help those student to bring their selves up in the maximum time possible. So that they can be as professionals in their early age . There is an urgent need to enhance the quality of basic education in our country as seen in the education outcomes of Filipino students and the comparative disadvantage of the Philippines with regard to other countries. The following data would support this explanation: At present, the Philippines is the only country in Asia and among the three remaining countries in the world that uses a 10-year basic education cycle. According to a presentation made by the South East Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO-INNOTECH) on Additional Years in Philippine Basic Education (2010), the comparative data on duration of Basic and Pre-University Education in Asia shows that the Philippines allots 10 years not just for the basic education cycle but also for the pre-university education while all the other countries have either 11 or 12 years in their basic education cycle. Achievement scores highlight our students’ poor performance in national examinations. The National Achievement Test (NAT) results for grade 6 in SY 2009-2010 showed only a 69. 21% passing rate while the NAT results for high school is at a low 46. 38%. Moreover, international tests results in 2003 Trends in International Mathematics and Science study (TIMSS) show that the Philippines ranked 34th out of 38 countries in HS Math and 43rd out of 46 countries in HS II Science. Moreover, the Philippines ranked the lowest in 2008 even with only the science high schools joining the Advanced Mathematics category. Assumptions The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of Senior High School [SHS]) to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills development, employment, and entrepreneurship. -DEPED K 12 can contribute to: Strengthening early childhood education Making curriculum relevant to learners Ensuring integrated and seamless learning Building proficiency through language Nurturing the holistically Filipino Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education is offered for free in public schools. There are additional indirect costs, but government agencies are collaborating to provide programs that will enable everyone access to quality education, especially to those with lesser means. Proposals such as the expansion of the Education Service Contracting (ESC) scheme under the Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education (GASTPE) and other cost-sharing arrangements are being developed by DepEd. K to 12 graduates should have higher earning potential as they will be more competent and skilled. As a result of the K to 12 Program, particularly the more specialized education in Senior High School, CHED is exploring the possibility of decreasing the number of years of which will enable them to have more employment opportunities. Certain degree programs in college. K to 12 graduates can obtain national certification from TESDA, After finishing Grade 10, a student can obtain Certificates of Competency (COC) or a National Certificate Level I (NC I). After finishing a Technical-Vocational-Livelihood track in Grade 12, a student may obtain a National Certificate Level II (NC II), provided he/she passes the competency-based assessment of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). NC I and NC II improves employability of graduates in fields like Agriculture, Electronics, and Trade. After going through Kindergarten, the enhanced Elementary and Junior High curriculum, and a specialized Senior High program, every K to 12 graduates will be ready to go into different paths – may it be further education, employment, or entrepreneurship. Every graduate will be equipped with: Information, media and technology skills, Learning and innovation skills, Effective communication skills, and Life and career skills. MANILA, Philippines – Last May 15, President Benigno Aquino III signed the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 into law. Philippines is the last country in Asia to approved k 12. The implementation of the Universal Kindergarten began in SY 2011–2012. The enhanced curriculum for Grade 1 and Grade 7 (1st Year Junior High School) was rolled out in SY 2012–2013, and will be progressively introduced in the other grade levels in succeeding school years. Grade 11 will be introduced in SY 2016–2017 and Grade 12 in SY 2017–2018. The ? rst batch of high school students to go through K to 12 will graduate in March 2018. K to 12 graduates will be ready to be employed in various industries. Education Secretary Armin Luistro earlier said that â€Å"the K to 12 program would like to ensure that even if they don’t choose to go to college, they finish studying what is basic. † As per Republic Act no. 10157 or the Kindergarten Education Act, Kindergarten has become part of the education system and a pre-requisite for admission to Grade 1. Public schools will continue to admit children who have not taken Kindergarten into Grade 1 until SY 2013-2014. Senior high school students can choose from 3 tracks: Academic, Sports and Arts, and Technical-Vocational-Livelihood. After Grade 10, a student can obtain Certi? cates of Competency (COC) or a National Certi? cate Level I (NC I). After finishing a Technical Vocational-Livelihood in Grade 12, a student may obtain a National Certi? cate Level II (NC II), provided he/she passes the competency-based assessment of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). NC I and NC II improves employability of graduates in ? elds like Agriculture, Electronics, and Trade. In Kinder, mother tongue, shall be used as the medium of instruction. In Grades 1-3, the mother tongue will be used in teaching all subjects, except in teaching Filipino and English subjects. Starting Grade 4, Filipino and English will become the languages for instruction. Starting SY 2016-2017, DepEd shall engage in partnerships with colleges, universities, and Technical-Vocational Institutions (TVI) to use their existing facilities and teaching staff to ensure that reduction in enrollment in these colleges and universities will be offset during the transition period. Private schools are to adhere to the minimum standards of the K to 12 curriculum. They should also follow the K to 12 progression, even if they choose not to offer grades 11-12 (e. g. private junior high schools can remain as such but their students will have to transfer for senior high school). Recommendations In the light findings of the study and the conclusion drawn, the following recommendations are given: K to 12 will be more embraced by the parents of the students if the government will make new ways of helping the parents of the student to make their children’s finish the k to 12 program Most of the student who will undergo k-12 program belongs to a family that has a minimum wage income. And majority of the respondents are 11-12 years old. Based on my study , we can say that k to 12 program will affect the student learning’s and will add training for them to used if they will wanted to work as early in their age. It can be said for the findings that k to 12 will help the youth to be young professionals in the hospitality industry were in job opportunities are more open to them because of the training that they will take in this program. On the findings there for include that the k to 12 has many effects on the students that will undergo the program and they will have capabilities of having work in the hospitality industry but in the study it shows that it also decreased their parents capabilities to support their studies. Decision criteria Future education status Family salary income how do you asses k to 12 program as a student to take the k to 12 program: Quality of the education Effects on the student learning Its effect on the parents capabilities on supporting their Childs education How will it affect the numbers of the students who will continue their studies to attain their degree in college? What is the perception of the students regards to: the k to 12 program the new ways of learning readiness for them to work in a establishment If the TESDA training accreditation will make them more professionals especially on the hospitality industry. Subject – this research concerns with the analysis of the case of k to 12 program in the Philippines that had been implied last 2012 and if can create new hospitality professionals. Respondents – the respondents of the study are the students of San Antonio National high school that has already taking the new curriculum k to 12. Instrumentation – the author used the following instrument to gather important data . Questionnaires are carefully prepared to answer the specific problems of the study. Observation – as means of gathering information for the research may define as perceiving data through the senses. Observation is most widely used in studying behavior. This will be used to determine the actual reaction of the students while the Questionnaire given to them. Setting – the author will focus their studies on the point of view of students in San Antonio national high school in san Antonio village Makati city. Justification Student that will take k to 12 program can acquired the following: †¢ Acquire mastery of basic competencies. †¢ Be more emotionally mature. †¢ Be socially aware , pro-active, involve in public and civic affairs. †¢ Be adequately prepared for the word of work or Entrepreneurship or higher education. †¢ Be legally employable with potential for better earnings. †¢ Be globally competitive. †¢ Every graduate of the Enhanced K to 12 Basic Education program is an empowered individual who has learned, through a program that is rooted on sound educational principles and geared towards excellence, the foundations for learning throughout life, the competence to engage in work and be productive, the ability to coexist in fruitful harmony with local and global communities, the capability to engage in autonomous critical thinking, and the capacity to transform others and oneself. Agriculture and Fisheries, Sports, Business and Entrepreneurship Why add two more years? Decongest and enhance the basic education curriculum. Better quality education for all. Philippines is the only remaining country in Asia with a 10-year basic education program. K to12 is not new. The proposal to expand the basic education dates back to 1925. Studies in the Philippines have shown that an additional year of schooling increases earnings by 7. 5%.. Studies validate that improvements in the quality of education will increase GDP growth by 2% to 2. 2% Minus 2 instead of plus 2 for those families who cannot afford a college education but still wish to have their children find a good paying job. Right now, parents spend for at least 4 years of college to have unemployable child. In our model, parents will not pay for 2 years of basic Education that will give them an employable child. In effect, we are saving parents 2 years of expenses. The plan is not â€Å"Plus 2 years before graduation† but â€Å"Minus 2 years before work Inspire a shift in attitude that completion of high school education is more than just preparation for college but can be sufficient for a gainful employment or career. What will the society gain from K to 12? K to 12 will facilitate an accelerated economic growth. K to 12 will facilitate mutual recognition of Filipino graduates and professionals in other countries. A better educated society provides a sound foundation for long-term socio-economic development. Several studies have shown that the improvements in the quality of education will increase GDP growth by as much as 2%. Studies in the UK, India and US show that additional years of schooling also have positive overall impact on society. What Benefits will Individuals and Families get? An enhanced curriculum will decongest academic workload. Graduates will possess competencies and skills relevant to the job market. Graduates will be prepared for higher education. Graduates will be able to earn higher wages and/or better prepared to start their own business. Graduates could now be recognized abroad. MANILA, Philippines—Adding two years to the present 10-year basic education cycle is â€Å"an absolutely essential reform† to put the country’s public education system at par with the rest of the world, an international education expert said on Wednesday. Sheldon Shaeffer, director at the Bureau of Education of the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) Asia Pacific, said the K+12 program (Kindergarten plus 12 years) was a necessary reform â€Å"to make the system comparable to and competitive with other countries. † Speaking at a lecture on school leadership at the Department of Education (DepEd), Shaeffer said a 12-year education cycle would be â€Å"more useful to the personal needs and employment opportunities† of its graduates. â€Å"I actually don’t see how people can disagree with it,† said Shaeffer before an audience of top Philippine education officials and representatives from various schools. The flagship education program of the Aquino administration, the K+12 basic education reform plan aims to improve the quality of Filipino high school graduates by adding two years of senior high school to the current 10-year education curriculum. The two additional years in senior high school are envisioned to serve as a specialization period for high school students, whether in vocational skills, music, the arts or sports. This would give high school graduates the option to pursue jobs with a basic education diploma or proceed to college. The program aims to make Philippine education at par with the rest of the world, with 12 years of basic schooling already a global standard. According to the DepEd, only the Philippines, Angola and Djibouti have a 10-year basis schooling cycle. Officials said the two-year shortcoming had proven problematic in the accreditation of Philippine graduates when applying for postgraduate courses and employment overseas. Recently, Laos added a year to its 11-year-program, Shaeffer noted. Education Secretary Armin Luistro acknowledged that the transition to a 12-year system would be difficult but noted that the Philippines was â€Å"already delayed† in coming up to the global standard. â€Å"What we’re looking at now is how to implement it. In [implementing] any change, there will be difficulty and this is what we really have to work on toge

Come on work

Literary Analysis and Composition Semester finals Agenda Complete part 1 of the finals in the quiz manager. Review answers for part 1 as a means to review for part 2. Review best practices for answering the part 2. Surprise Semester final, Part 1 There are 15 questions on this part of the test. I will give you 22 minutes to complete the test. Do your best but don't linger on a question long. If you don't know the answer take a guess and move on. Part 2 Question 1: Consider the events of Shakespearean Macbeth and the attest of the title character and his wife.Which character?Macbeth or Lady Macbeth?deserves more blame for their fall? Which character is more influenced by the other? Which character suffers more? Justify your responses with examples from the text. Write at lease five sentences. Step 1: Pick a character, Macbeth or Lady Macbeth. Step 2: Describe why the character you chose deserves more blame for their fall. Step 3: Describe how your character is more influenced by the o ther character. 2 Step 4: Describe why your character suffers more. Make sure to use examples for all of these.Question 2: Consider the conflict faced by the protagonist in one of the novels that you read this semester. In a response of no less than three paragraphs, explain this conflict, its development, and how the protagonist deals with it, as well as how the conflict is ultimately resolved. Include examples from least five sentences. Step 1: Pick a character from the novel you read. The text in your response where appropriate. Write at Step 2: Identify and explain your character's conflict and how that conflict develops.Step 3: Explain how your character deals with that conflict and how it is resolved in the end. Make sure to use examples. Surprise!! If you have a 90% or higher in the course you are exempt from the part 2 (if you are watching this recording you must take the part 1). If you have a 75 – 89% in the course you may choose one of the two part 2 questions and answer only that question. Next Week All finals are due by Thursday, May 22nd at midnight. No C but Ms. Bianca and I will hold one 2 hour tutor stay.

Organization Behavior and Management Space Shuttle Challenger

Organization Behavior and Management Space Shuttle Challenger Space Shuttle Challenger Orbiter History The Challenger was initially referred to as the STA-099. The shuttle was built to work as a test vehicle for the Space Shuttle program and was named after the HMS Challenger, which was a British Naval research vessel. The HMS Challenger sailed in the Atlantic Ocean as well as the Pacific Ocean during the 1870’s.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Organization Behavior and Management: Space Shuttle Challenger specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When the Challenger was built it underwent intensive vibration and thermal testing for a year. NASA awarded Rockwell, a Space Shuttle orbiter manufacturer, a contract in 1979 to build the Challenger by converting the STA-099. The Challenger arrived at the Kennedy Space Center in July 1982, and it became the second orbiter to be operation in the center. The Challenger had been designed to be a historic craft and many were optimistic it would outlive the rest. The Space Shuttle took its maiden flight on April, 1982 for the STS-6 mission, which saw the first ever space walk in the space shuttle program. The EVA (Extra Vehicular Activity) was done by Astronauts Donald Peterson and Story Musgrave. This lasted about four hours and it was also during this mission the first deployment of a Tracking and Data Relay System constellation was done. After completing nine successful missions, on January 28, 1986 the Challenger was launched on the STS-51L and after a mere 73 seconds it exploded killing all the seven crewmembers (NASA, 2011). This paper will look at the SHUTTLE 51-L MISSION, the organization that was involved in the Challenger project, the mechanical failure of the Space Shuttle Challenger, the organizational behavior and management shortcomings that contributed to the disaster and finally make organizational behavior and management changes that can be adopted to prevent a reoccurrence of the same disaster. D iscussion NASA Program As the Challenger Space Shuttle progressed, there was an increase in the demands being placed on NASA and this resulted to an increased risk of disaster (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990). The NASA team had a false sense of security having carried out 2Kramer, James, 1987 missions, which had been successful. Prior to the launch, there were many wrangles within NASA, and managers were working in a place with heavy overload and turbulence (Kramer James, 1987). The management at NASA was characterized with a disease full of decay and destruction (Kramer James, 1987 p.14).Advertising Looking for case study on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There was lack of a formal DSS program at NASA initialized before the launch for the shuttle operations. There were strong indications that decisions were being made through satisficing and short cuts. There were lots of compromise and operations were great ly affected. NASA was accused of having semi-uncontrolled decision making as they tried to satisfy the needs of the military, scientific community, industry and this led to the space shuttle being declared operational even before the development stage of the shuttle had been completed (Kramer, James, 1987). Decision making at NASA was done by default as there lacked DSS. The organizational structure at the program was political and manipulations were done to meet requirements of the political power. When the Reagan Administration declared the Space Shuttle â€Å"operational†, many employees at NASA lacked motivation and left with the impression that decision making on the project should be made by the political administration (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990). Employees began being complacent and safety of the shuttle was highly compromised, as they tried to keep the shuttle on schedule and satisfy the clients. This presents the situation at NASA prior to making the decision to launch the space shuttle (Dunbar Ryba, 2008). SHUTTLE 51-L MISSION (Challenger Flight) The 51-L mission was the 25th mission that NASA was going to undertake in its STS program. Shortly after launching the Challenger on 28, January 1986, the Challenger exploded mid air, destroying the vehicle and killing the entire seven crew members on the mission. This mission was aimed at deploying a second Tracking and Data Relay Satellite as well as the Spartan Halle’s Comet Observer. The mission was also going to be the first time there were observers or passengers participating in a program called NASA Teacher in Space Program ((Dunbar Ryba, 2008). S. Christa McAuliffe was one of the crew onboard and she was going to conduct live broadcasts that were going to be broadcasted to schools throughout the world (Dunbar Ryba, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Organization Behavior and Management: Space Shuttle Challenger specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The destruction of the Challenger and the loss of life had profound impact on the society and the way it viewed the Space program and particularly NASA. As this paper will discuss, the tragic decision that was made to allow the launching of STS 51-L was as a result of long term contributing factors that were further increased by bad or weak organizational behavior and management strategies. The outcome of this tragedy caused loss of life, resources and made people to mistrust the space program. Although the accident of the Challenger was blamed on the hardware failure of the SRB â€Å"O† ring (known as Solid Rocket Boost), the decision that was made by the management was also flawed. The decision was based on faulty organizational behavior and management and this was further aggravated by the mismanagement of initial information that suggested the launch be postponed (NASA, 2008). Other factors that besides organizational behavior and manag ement played a major role in contributing to the accident occurring. They included the demand NASA was getting from the political ruling class to deliver and launch on the scheduled day (NASA, 2008) The process of proving to the American people and the political system that there was need for a reusable space shuttle had begun in the 1960s. The Challenger was one of the ways that this could be proven and thus a lot of pressure and expectation was put on the program. Unlike the previous missions such as the Apollo, the Space Shuttle was going to be used in space operations without having a defined goal (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990 p. 3). This presents the first contributing factor in the Challenger’s accident. Without a defined role for use, the Challenger was going to be used as a utility vehicle for space operations and thus there lacked a strong support for the project, both financially and politically. In order to gain favor and political support for the project, the Challenger was sold and presented to the political elites as a quick payoff (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990 p. 8). The project also gained support by predicting that it could be used by the military as a means that could be used to enhance the national security. To the industry, it was sold as a commercial opportunity, where companies could offer clients an opportunity to visit space. Many scientists in the program told the American public that the Challenger Shuttle was going to be an American Voyage that was going to have great scientific gain (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990 p. 10). To the world, the Challenger project was sold as a partnership that was going to include the ESA (European Space Agency) as well as a means that was going to improve the relations between nations and bring together people of different nationalities, sex and races by serving as crew members during missions (McConnell, 1988).Advertising Looking for case study on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The process that was used to gain support in the economic, social and political arena for the space shuttle can be cited to be the second contributing factor that resulted to the accident (McConnell, 1988). There was use of heterogeneous engineering, which means that the engineering and management decisions in the project were structured in ways that were going to be appealing to the political, economic, and organizational factors rather than being structured into a single entity mission that was aimed at achieving specific goals (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990 p. 9). When the Space Shuttle became operational, it was faced with many operational demands from many people. It had to live up to the promises that had been given by NASA. This placed a lot of pressure on the management team as they tried to coordinate the needs of the military, political elites and the scientific community. The political pressure was to provide a space vehicle that was going to be reliable and could be reused. It w as also supposed to be difficult to achieve this as it was going to hinder the ability of creating an effective system for integration and development. It was also going to be infeasible to create a management support system that could cater for the diverse requirements. There was also a low moral within the NASA employee, which was created during the Reagan Administration when the shuttle was given the green light for operation even when the development stage had not been completed (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990). The American Congress expected that the Shuttle program was going to be financially self supportive after billions of dollars had been used to go to the moon (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990, p. 15). With this lack of support from Congress, NASA adopted and operated as a commercial business instead of a government program. It can therefore be concluded that the environment of the program prior to launching had been one mucked wih conflict, short cuts and managerial stress (Jarman Kouzmin, 1990, p.15). Mechanical failure of the Challenger Before the launching date, concerns had been raised about the integrity of carrying on with the launch when the temperatures were as lower than those expected for optimal performance. On a previous mission, 51-C, it had been noted that the booster joints were covered with soot and grease after launching on a cold weather. Tests were carried out in the laboratory on the effect of low temperatures on the O-ring resilience. It was recommended that they be replaced by steel billets and this would have meant a redesign of the field joint. By the time of the accident, the steel billets were not ready. Engineers at Alan McDonald made a presentation that detailed on the effects the cold weather was going to affect the booster performance. This was necessary because the temperatures of the launching date were expected to be lower than 350F. After the concerns were raised a meeting was convened and various heads and engineers attended. The pe ople in attendance included, engineers, top management of Marshal Space Flight Center, Kennedy Center, and Morton Thiokol. The meeting was called to discuss on the effect the cold weather was going to have on the mission especially the boosters’ performance. Engineers gave a clear presentation that argued that the cold weather would have a major effect on the joint rotator and the O- ring seating. The test carried out had only gone to a low of 530 F and this presented a problem of the unknown (Rogers’s, 1989). Thiokol provided NASA with information concerning the launch and thought that the low temperatures were going to affect the O-rings to a point they were going to be ineffective. The mission had been cancelled previously due to the cold weather and NASA was not ready for another cancellation (Kramer, James, 1987 p.23). Although information had been provided by a GDSS from another company showed that the O-rings were going to work under the predicted weather, engi neers from Thiokol were skeptical about the data they had inputted into the GDSS. This meant that NASA was relying on a GDSS that had flawed information (Kramer James, 1987). At this juncture, NASA asked for a definitive confirmation or rejection of the planned launch from Thiokol. The representatives from Thiokol responded by recommending the launch be delayed until the temperatures were favorable. NASA continued to pressure Thiokol to change their minds and NASA level three managers is reported to have retorted to the representatives, â€Å"My God, Thiokol, When do you want me to launch, next April?† (Kramer, James, 1987, p.7). It was after this that Thiokol representatives asked to be given time to rethink their recommendations. An engineer with Thiokol was asked to stop reasoning as an engineer and start thinking as a manager, which suggests that the group was placing organizational needs in front of safety of the shuttle. Thiokol representatives returned to the GDSS an d recommended that the launch be done as planned. When NASA asked if there was any objection to this no one from the GDSS objected. During the launch the O-ring were severely affected by the cold weather and this mechanical failure caused the accident and the eventual loss of the crewmembers (Kramer, James, 1987). Critical analysis of the organizational behavior and management shortcomings that contributed to the disaster The environment, organizational behavior and management which NASA and its developers operated in gave a large margin for human error. However, Thiokol and NASA had a chance to avert the accident during the GDSS meeting before the launch. The organizational behavior and management fallings can be attributed to the accident. First, the team especially Thiokol had prior knowledge that the O-ring was going to be affected by the cold weather months before the launching. However, the primary goal of the project was to meet the launch date. NASA warned about the problem , but it downplayed it. This presents the first element of the mismanagement of information and bad organizational behavior that resulted into the accident. Any suggestion and proposals of the launch-taking place were met with positive support from the management while all suggestions of delays were shot down without taking into consideration the risk involved in carrying out the launch (Turban, 1988). Third, there was a strong feeling among the people involved in the project management to live up to the promises made. Despite the fact that Thiokol engineers were skeptical about the planned launching, their management went ahead and agreed with the other members of the GDSS to continue with the launch (Turban, 1988). Fourth, there was bad organizational behavior and management on the part of Thiokol, because they agreed with the other teams although their engineers were telling them to stop the launch (Priwer, Philips, 2009). Fifth, all people involved in the top management of the project were afraid of how the political elites and the public would react if another cancellation was done. In the previous one year the launch had been postponed six times. Many in this group were starting to rationalize that if they had succeeded in the past they were as well going to succeed this time (United States Congress, 1986). Finally, the group as stated before was working with flawed data and even when Thiokol engineers began to question the integrity of this information, nobody took action. People in the GDSS meeting who were proposing that the launch be delayed were unwelcome and therefore the management had its mind made on the launching date. During the meeting, it was seen that NASA representatives were at times assertive and intimidate the other players to a point where they disregarded warnings given. The meeting is also faulted as a bad organizational behavior and management, because it was easy to downplay the personal opinions held by each member. Instead of th e speaker conversion, the meeting should have been held at a place where all members were present and maybe the outcomes would have been different. The GDSS failed the point where Thiokol asked to be given five minutes to conduct a private meeting. Before this point Thiokol had maintained that the launch should be cancelled, but after the private meeting it changed its mind. Conclusion The failure of the spaceship Challenger can be blamed on the organizational behavior. NASA has a variety of risk avoidance system. Their aim is to ensure that the missions are safe. NASA is one of the smallest federal agencies and operates under a strict budget of US$ 15 Billion (NASA, 2010). This removes any flexibility during risky situations. This agency has been known to be dependant to their history for decision making. Since their establishment in 1958, their main aim was to beat the Soviet Union spaceflights. Though their budget keeps being cut, they still stick to their mission. The cut costs made NASA realize that they could include the private business sector. This increased their pressure for success, which was also coming from the government. They had to research and develop the operations with limited time. NASA Budget in billions of American Dollar (NASA, 2010) The normalization of deviance is another short coming on the management of the NASA. This is a term, which is used to explain the way sometimes some technical flaws are not scrutinized by the various safety bodies over time. This is because they are both expensive and time consuming. Due to the pressure to produce, it is seen as absurd to spend resources on problems, which are not a risk (Launius, 1992). The postponing of the launch can be because of many reasons. Maybe the problem was the O-rings significance was not considered so much hence the problem with it was a minor one to them. The other reason would be, because the president was using the flight as a reference in his speech or maybe it was because of the much pressure, which was being exerted by both the private sector and the government. Recommendations Failures can happen no matter the safety systems applied. Though the cause of the failure was technical, the organizational failure caries a huge part in it. There are numerous things that NASA can do to avoid these types of organizational failures ever happening (Lewis, 1988). One of them is the Hierarchical power. Some of the managements personnel at the high posts have no interest in the hierarchy. Some of them would rather not make decisions that would jeopardize their work. The congress, a body of the NASA which offers regulatory oversight, has no desires to jeopardize the central district of NASA through their decisions. These are huge obstacles to the changes that should be made in the organizational behavior and management. They should create a way in which the engineers can have the ability of by passing the hierarchy and bureaucracy before launching unsafe missions . If the engineers had had their way during the Challengers disaster, the O-rings would have been replaced or the launch postponed. Though these activities would be very costly to NASA, it would not be as expensive as losing the crew and the vehicle (United States Congress, 1986). The bureaucratic procedures should be sometimes be exempted from getting some data. This is because hunch or intuitions which the engineers might have may take a long time to be researched on and analyzed (Hall, 2003). References Dunbar, B. Ryba, J. (2008). Kennedy Space Center. Web. Hall, J.L. (2003). Space Policy. Columbia and Challenger: Organizational failure of NASA. Berkley: University of California at Berkley. Jarman A. Kouzmin, A. (1990). Decision pathways from crisis. A contingency-theory simulation heuristic for the Challenger Shuttle disaster, Contemporary Crises. Kramer, C. James A. (1987). The Space Shuttle Disaster: Ethical Issues in Organizational Decision Making. Michigan: Western Michig an University Press. Launius, D. (1992). Toward an Understanding of the Space Shuttle: A Historiographical Essay. Air Power History, Winter. Lewis, R.S. (1988). Challenger; the final voyage. New Yolk: Columbia University press. McConnell, M. (1988). Challenger: A Major Malfunction. London: Routledge. NASA (2010). Kennedy Space Center. Web. NASA. (2008) Spacelink Challenger Press Release. Web. NASA. (2011). The Mission and the History of Space Shuttle Challenger. Web. Priwer,S. Philips,C. (2009). Space exploration for dummies. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Rogers’s commission. (1989). Report Of the President Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident. Washington DC. G.P.O Turban, E. (1988). Decision Support and Expert Systems, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. United States Congress. (1986). Investigation of the Challenger Accident; Report of the Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representative, Ninety-Ninth Congress, Second Session. Washington: U.S. G .P.O.

Cross Functional Teams Purchasing and Acquisitions Management Term Paper - 1

Cross Functional Teams Purchasing and Acquisitions Management - Term Paper Example The researcher states that the incidence of M&A has continued to increase significantly during the last decade, both domestically and internationally. The sectors most affected by M&A activity have been service and knowledge-based industries such as banking, insurance, pharmaceuticals, and leisure. Although M &A is a popular means of increasing or protecting market share, the strategy does not always deliver what is expected in terms of increased profitability or economies of scale. While the motives for mergers can variously be described as practical, psychological, or opportunist, the objective of all related M&A is to achieve synergy, or what is commonly referred to as the 2+2 = 5 effect. However, as many organizations learn to their cost, the mere recognition of potential synergy is no guarantee that the combination will actually realize that potential. Most people have difficulty stating their organization’s strategy: what the organization wants to become, how it would li ke its people to behave, and what it will provide to which customers. In the future, the reality is that the organization’s business and operating units march to priorities different from, if not contradictory to, those implied by its strategy. The majority of the people in an organization focus on day-to-day operational matters and their individual aspirations. Consequently, the strategy is never realized. Frustrated by the lack of forward progress, executives launch new communication, reorganization, process redesign, or technology initiatives. Everyone is doing more, and yet performance stagnates or even declines. AKPMG report found that, though 82% of respondents believed the deal they had transacted was a success, 83% of the same mergers failed to increase shareholder value. Of these transactions, 30% produced no discernible difference in shareholder value and 53% actually reduced value.

Social Media and Academics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Media and Academics - Essay Example New media technology is highly associated with the transfer of information that is designated to be manipulated in some way. There are basic traits that are common to all forms of new media technology that confirm that social media is a form of new media. First, all forms of new media technology can be utilized in nearly all the markets across the world, that is, they are not bound or limited to any geographical factor such as distance. New media technologies also have the great level and speed of communication, which is attributed to the fact that they highly utilize the internet. Thirdly, the high level of interactivity enables the users to adopt new methodologies while they are transferring their own information. Fourthly, the new media technologies can incorporate other forms of communication such as telephony and video, which were previously isolated by old media (Leah and Sonia, 2002). Based on this traits, it is correct to assert that social media is a form of new media since the studies by Neal (2012), equally stated that various social media sites have the traits listed above. Social media sites The discussion in this present study will be referring to social media sites such as Facebook, which is the world’s most popular social media sites, followed by Twitter. LinkedIn is a popular social networking site mainly for businesspersons and professional while academia.edu is a social networking site for researchers and academicians. Other popular social media networking sites with mixed capabilities include MySpace, Google Plus, and Tagged, among others. According to Leah and Sonia (2002), one of the most critical features of these social media sites is interactivity. In this regard, the authors stated that social media technologies have the capacity to enable user-to-user interactivity and interactivity between the information and the user. This statement tends to prove that social media has brought about a paradigm shift that existed in the tradit ional model of communication which was â€Å"one-to-many† i.e. mass media communication. However, social media has enabled communicated to be conducted via the approach of â€Å"many to many† communication i.e. individualization media. Oliver (2007) further stated that interactivity option in most social media sites has so far been enabled by media convergence, the digitalization of media and dissemination of internet access points. The interactive capabilities of social media sites enable it to be applied for various uses that include socialization, educational, marketing, and a medium of communication. How social media is linked to academics As it has been noted above social media, has great capabilities of improving the interactivity between users and therefore, from an academic's perspective Joosten (2012), stated that it has recently been integrated into the online learning or e-learning platform, whereby besides using the official e-learning websites, the teacher s and learners also interact with each other via social media sites. In the writings by Wankel (2011), he stated that social media has created a link with academics since learners have developed their own links or pages whereby they interact and share notes as well as ideas that pertain to their learning process.